Comparison of surface characteristics of denture base resin materials with two surface treatment protocols and simulated brushing.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of 4 denture base materials, 2 surface treatment protocols, and simulated brushing (SB) on the surface hardness, surface roughness, surface gloss, and the surface loss of denture base materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four denture base resin material groups (compression-molded, injection-molded, 3D-printed, and milled) with two different surface treatment protocols (polished and glazed) were utilized in this study. A total of 80 samples (n = 10) were evaluated for surface hardness (Vickers) before SB. SB was performed for each sample (custom-built V8 cross brushing machine, 50,000 reciprocal strokes). Surface roughness (Ra) was measured before and after SB with a non-contact optical profilometer. Surface gloss was performed using a glossmeter to determine changes in surface reflectivity of the specimens before and after SB. Surface loss (wear resistance) was measured after SB using optical profilometry. The effects of material, surface treatment, and SB on all surface characteristics were examined with two-way and three-way analysis of variance models (ANOVA) (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The polished compression-molded group had significantly higher surface hardness than all other groups. The protective glaze coating significantly increased the surface hardness for all groups (P < 0.001). SB increased the surface roughness of all groups regardless of surface treatments (P < 0.001). The increase in surface roughness after SB was significantly higher with polished surface treatment than with a glazed surface treatment in all groups (P < 0.001). Surface gloss was significantly higher with the glazed surface treatment than with the polished surface treatment for all denture base materials (P < 0.001). After SB, milled denture base material showed the highest, and 3D-printed material showed the second highest surface gloss compared to the other groups (P < 0.001), regardless of surface treatment. In all materials tested, surface glaze significantly decreased surface loss (P < 0.001). With the glaze surface treatment, compression-molded denture base material had significantly less surface loss (more surface gain) than other materials, while with the polished surface treatment, 3D-printed denture base material had the least surface loss when compared with other groups. CONCLUSIONS: A single layer of nano-filled, light-polymerizing protective glaze coating has displayed potential for enhancing the longevity of denture base materials, as evidenced by increased hardness and wear resistance. Following simulated brushing, the milled denture material exhibited the highest surface gloss and lowest surface roughness among all groups, regardless of the surface treatment protocol. This indicates that milled denture base material possesses favorable surface properties and may serve as a viable alternative to traditional denture base materials.

Accuracy of digital duplication scanning methods for complete dentures.

PURPOSE: To compare the accuracy of four digital scanning methods in duplicating a complete denture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four scanning methods were used: cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), Straumann desktop scanner (DS), Trios intraoral scanner (TIO), and Virtuo Vivo intraoral scanner (VVIO). Each method was used to duplicate all the surfaces of a printed complete denture. The denture was scanned 10 times in each group. The trueness (in root mean square, RMS) and precision (in standard deviation, SD) were calculated by comparing the combined dentition, denture extension, and intaglio surfaces with the reference file. One-way analysis of variance and F-tests were used to test statistical differences (α = 0.05). RESULTS: For the scanning accuracy of the whole denture, CBCT showed the highest RMS (0.249 ± 0.020 mm) and lowest trueness than DS (0.124 ± 0.014 mm p < 0.001), TIO (0.131 ± 0.006 mm p < 0.001), and VVIO (0.227 ± 0.020 mm p = 0.017), while DS and TIO showed smaller RMS than VVIO (p < 0.001). For the trueness of dentition, denture extension, and intaglio surfaces, CBCT also showed the highest mean RMS and lowest trueness among all groups (p < 0.001). DS and TIO had smaller mean RMS and higher trueness among all groups in all surfaces (p < 0.001, except VVIO in intaglio surface, p > 0.05). TIO had significantly lower within-group variability of RMS and highest precision compared to DS (p = 0.013), CBCT (p = 0.001), and VVIO (p < 0.001) in the combined surface. For dentition and denture extension surfaces, TIO showed similar within-group variability of RMS with the DS group (p > 0.05) and lower than CBCT and VVIO (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The 7 Series desktop scanner and Trios 4 intraoral scanner can duplicate dentures in higher trueness than CBCT and the Virtuo Vivo intraoral scanner. The Trios 4 intraoral scanner was more precise in the combined surfaces than other scanning methods, while the 7 Series desktop scanner and Trios 4 intraoral scanner were more precise in the denture extension surface.

The effects of additive manufacturing technologies and finish line designs on the trueness and dimensional stability of 3D-printed dies.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of 5 manufacturing technologies and 2 finish line designs on the trueness and dimensional stability of 3D-printed definitive dies at finish line regions under different storage conditions and time. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Preparation of light chamfer and round shoulder finish lines were adopted individually on two mandibular first molar typodont teeth and digitalized as standard tessellation language (STL) files. A total of 240 samples (192 AM definitive dies and 48 definitive conventional stone dies) in 20 groups (n = 12) were manufactured based on 2 finishing line designs (chamfer and shoulder), 5 manufacturing technologies (4 additively manufactured technologies and conventional stone die), and 2 storage conditions (light exposure and dark). The 4 additively manufactured (AM) technologies include a DLP 3D-printer, an economic LED 3D-printer, a CLIP 3D-printer, and an SLA 3D-printer. All the study samples were distributed into two storage conditions. Subsequently, samples were digitalized to STL files at 3 different time points (within 36 hours, 1-month, and 3-months). A surface matching software was used to superimpose the sample STL files onto the corresponding original STL files with the best-fit alignment function. The trueness of each printed and stone definitive dies and their dimensional stabilities were measured by the root mean square (RMS, in mm). A linear mixed-effects model was used to test the effects of the finish line design, manufacturing technology, storage condition, and storage time on RMS values (α = 0.05). RESULTS: While finish line designs had no significant effects [F(1, 220) = 0.85, p < 0.358], the manufacturing technologies [F(3, 220) = 33.02, p < 0.001], storage condition [F(1, 220) = 4.11, p = 0.044], and storage time F(2, 440) = 10.37, p < 0.001] affected the trueness and dimensional stability of 3D-printed dies at finish line regions. No significant interactions were found among the 4 factors. For the manufacturing technologies, Type IV stone groups and LCD 3D-printer groups had significantly higher RMS values than the other 3 printers (p < 0.001) with no significant differences between Type IV stone and LCD 3D-printer groups (p = 0.577). DLP 3D-printer groups had higher RMS values than both SLA 3D-printer groups and CLIP 3D-printer groups (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between SLA 3D-printer groups and CLIP 3D-printer groups, p = 0.671. For the effects of storage conditions, RMS values were significantly higher in the groups stored with the direct light exposure than the ones stored in the dark, p = 0.044. In terms of the effects of storage time, the RMS values were significantly higher after 1-month storage, p = 0.002; and 3-month storage, p < 0.001, than the ones at the immediate postmanufacturing stage. However, the RMS values after 1-month and 3-month storage were not significantly different from each other (p = 0.169). CONCLUSIONS: Manufacturing technologies, storage conditions, and storage time significantly affected the trueness and dimensional stability of 3D-printed dies at finish line regions, while finish line designs had no significant effects. Among the AM technologies tested, all have produced either comparable or truer 3D-printed dies than the Type IV dental stone dies, and the CLIP and SLA 3D-printers produced the best outcomes. 3D-printed dies showed significant distortion after 1-month and 3-months storage, especially under light exposure storage conditions. These findings may negate the clinical need to preserve 3D-printed dies, and digital data should be preserved instead.

The trueness of scans using one intraoral scanner in different partially edentulous conditions.

PURPOSE: To investigate the trueness of intraoral scanning in 8 commonly seen partially edentulous conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A maxillary dentoform was modified into the 8 commonly seen partially edentulous conditions. Each modification was scanned with a laboratory desktop scanner. Each modification was then scanned 10 times (n = 10) with an intraoral scanner. All scans were exported as STL files and then imported into a surface matching software using the best-fit alignment method. The dimensional differences between the study STL files from the intraoral scanner were compared to the corresponding reference STL files. The measurements were calculated as the root mean square (RMS) and defined as the trueness of the intraoral scans. In addition to the RMS values, qualitative assessments were completed on the color maps. The color maps produced by the surface matching software were used to visualize the areas of deviation between scans from the intraoral scanner and their corresponding reference files. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by pair-wise comparisons using Fisher's Protected Least Significant Difference were utilized to compare the differences between the groups in RMS values (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Partially edentulous condition significantly affected the trueness of the intraoral scans. Group 8 (Class IV) had significantly lower RMS (0.1878 ± 0.0455 mm) than all other groups (p < 0.001). Group 2 (Class II) and Group 7 (Class III modification I) are not significantly different from each other (Group 2: 0.5758 ± 0.0300 mm; Group 7: 0.5602 ± 0.0231 mm, p = 0.571), while they both had significantly higher RMS than all other groups (p < 0.001). The remaining groups showed the RMS values were within the range of 0.3001 ± 0.0891 mm (Group 6 - Class III with Long Edentulous Span) and 0.4541 ± 0.1039 mm (Group 1 - Class I). CONCLUSION: Different partially edentulous conditions affected the trueness of the scans generated from the selected intraoral scanner. Class IV edentulous condition had the highest intraoral scan trueness. It is unknown if RMS values are clinically significant, and the validity of using intraoral scans directly for PRDP fabrication will need further studies.

The effects of manufacturing technologies on the surface accuracy of CAD-CAM occlusal splints.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of the manufacturing technologies on the surface (cameo and intaglio) accuracy (trueness and precision) of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) occlusal splints. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The digital design of the master occlusal splint was designed in a CAD software program. Six groups (n = 10) were tested in this study, including Group 1 - Milling (Wax), Group 2 - Heat-polymerizing, Group 3 - Milling (M series), Group 4 - Milling (DWX-51/52D), Group 5 - 3D-printing (Cares P30), and Group 6 - 3D-printing (M2). The study samples were placed in a scanning jig fabricated from putty silicone and Type III dental stone. The study samples were then scanned with a laboratory scanner at the intaglio and cameo surfaces, and the scanned files were exported in standard tessellation language (STL) file format. The master occlusal splint STL file, was used as a reference to compare with all scanned samples at the intaglio and cameo surfaces in a surface matching software program. Root mean square (RMS, measured in mm, absolute value) values were calculated by the software for accuracy comparisons. Group means were used as the representation of trueness, and the standard deviation for each group was calculated as a measure of precision. Color maps were recorded to visualize the areas of deviation between study samples and the master occlusal splint file. The data were normalized and transformed to rank scores, and one-way ANOVA was used to test for the differences between the groups. Pairwise comparisons were made between different groups. Fishers least square differences were used to account for the family-wise error rate. A 5% significance level was used for all the tests. RESULTS: The null hypotheses were rejected. The manufacturing technologies significantly affected the trueness of occlusal splints at both intaglio and cameo surfaces (p < 0.001). At the cameo surfaces, Group 1 - Milling (Wax) (0.03 ± 0.02 mm), Group 3 - Milling (M series) (0.04 ± 0.01 mm), and Group 4 - Milling (DWX-51/52D) (0.04 ± 0.01 mm) had the smallest mean RMS values and highest trueness. Group 3 had the smallest standard deviation and highest precision among all groups (p < 0.001, except p = 0.005 when compared with Group 2). Group 5 had the largest standard deviation and lowest precision among all groups (p < 0.001). At the intaglio surfaces, Group 1 - Milling (Wax) (0.06 ± 0.01 mm) had the smallest RMS values and highest trueness among all groups (p < 0.001), and Group 2 - Heat-polymerizing (0.20 ± 0.03 mm) and Group 5 - 3D-printing (Cares P30) (0.15 ± 0.05 mm) had significantly larger mean RMS and standard deviation values than all other groups (p < 0.001), with lowest trueness and precision. In the color maps, Group 2 - Heat-polymerizing and Group 5 - 3D-printing (Cares P30) showed the most discrepancies with yellow and red (positive discrepancies) in most areas, and Group 1 - Milling (Wax) showed the best and most uniform surface matching with the most area in green. CONCLUSION: The manufacturing technologies significantly affected the trueness and precision of occlusal splints at both intaglio and cameo surfaces. The 5-axis milling units and industrial-level CLIP 3D-printer could be considered to achieve surface accuracy of occlusal splints.

The Trueness of Obturator Prosthesis Base Manufactured by Conventional and 3D Printing Techniques.

PURPOSE: To compare the intaglio surface trueness of obturator prosthesis bases manufactured by traditional compression molding, injection molding, and 3D printing techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A complete edentulous master cast with Aramany Class I maxillary defect was selected for this in vitro study. Four study groups (n = 10/group) were included in this study, Group A: Compression Molding, Group B: Injection Molding, and Group C: Cara Print 3D DLP Printer, and Group D: Carbon 3D DLS Printer. All obturator prostheses' intaglio surfaces were scanned with a laboratory scanner (E4; 3Shape Inc, New Providence, NJ) and the dimensional differences between study samples and their corresponding casts were calculated as the root mean square (measured in mm, absolute value) using a surface matching software (Geomagic design X; 3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC). One-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) test were used to compare groups differences in RMS (α = 0.05). RESULTS: There was a significant effect of manufacturing technique on the RMS values for the 4 conditions [F(3,36) = 5.743, p = 0.003]. Injection Molding (0.070 mm) and Compression Molding groups (0.076 mm) had a lower interquartile range, and the Cara Print 3D-Printer group (0.427 mm) and Carbon 3D-Printer (0.149 mm) groups had a higher interquartile range. The Injection Molding group showed the best and uniform surface matching with the most area in green in the color maps. The Injection Molding group (0.139 ± 0.049 mm) had significantly lower RMS than all other groups (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Compression Molding (0.269 ± 0.057 mm), Cara Print 3D-Printer (0.409 ± 0.270 mm), and Carbon 3D-Printer (0.291 ± 0.082 mm) groups were not significantly different from each other (Compression Molding versus Carbon 3D-Printer, p = 0.59; Compression Molding versus Cara Print 3D-Printer, p = 0.25; Cara Print 3D-Printer versus Carbon 3D-Printer, p = 0.40). CONCLUSION: Obturator prosthesis bases manufactured with injection molding technique showed better intaglio surface trueness than ones made by the compression molding technique and 3D printers. Although obturator prosthesis bases manufactured from different 3D printers showed similar trueness, a DLP 3D printer produced less consistent outcome than a DLS 3D printer.

Fracture Resistance Behaviors of Titanium-Zirconium and Zirconia Implants.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the fracture resistance behaviors of titanium-zirconium, one-piece zirconia, and two-piece zirconia implants restored by zirconia crowns and different combinations of abutment materials (zirconia and titanium) and retention modes (cement-retained and screw-retained zirconia crowns). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three research groups (n=12) were evaluated according to combinations of abutment material, retention mode, and implant type. In the control group (TTC), titanium-zirconium implants (∅ 4.1 mm RN, 12 mm, Roxolid; Straumann USA, Andover, MA) and prefabricated titanium abutments (RN synOcta Cementable Abutment, H 5.5 mm; Straumann USA) were used to support cement-retained zirconia crowns. In the second group (ZZC), one-piece zirconia implants (PURE Ceramic Implant Monotype, ∅ 4.1 mm RD, 12 mm, AH 5.5 mm; Straumann USA) were used to support cement-retained zirconia crowns. In the third group (ZTS), two-piece zirconia implants (PURE Ceramic Implant, ∅ 4.1 mm RD, 12 mm) and prefabricated titanium abutments (CI RD PUREbase Abutment, H 5.5 mm) were used to support screw-retained zirconia crowns. All zirconia crowns were manufactured in the same anatomic contour with a 5-axis dental mill and blended 3 and 5 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (LayZir A2). Implants were inserted into specimen holders made of epoxy resin-glass fiber composite. All specimens were then subject to artificial aging in an incubator at 37°C for 90 days. Fracture resistance of specimen assemblies was tested under static compression load using the universal testing machine based on ISO14801 specification. The peak fracture loads were recorded. All specimens were examined at the end of the test microscopically at 5× and 10× magnification to detect any catastrophic failures. Comparisons between groups for differences in peak fracture load were made using Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests and Weibull and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The TTC group (942 ± 241 N) showed significantly higher peak fracture loads than the ZZC (645 ± 165 N) and ZTS (650 ± 124 N) groups (p < 0.001), while there was no significant difference between ZZC and ZTS groups (p = 0.940). The survival probability based on the Weibull and Kaplan-Meier models demonstrated different failure molds between titanium-zirconium and zirconia implants, in which the TTC group remained in the plastic strain zone for a longer period before fracture when compared to ZZC and ZTS groups. Catastrophic failures, with implant fractures at the embedding level or slightly below, were only observed in the ZZC and ZTS groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cement-retained zirconia crowns supported by titanium-zirconium implants and prefabricated titanium abutments showed superior peak fracture loads and better survival probability behavior. One-piece zirconia implants with cement-retained zirconia crowns and two-piece zirconia implants with screw-retained zirconia crowns on prefabricated titanium abutment showed similar peak fracture loads and survival probability behavior. Titanium-zirconium and zirconia implants could withstand average intraoral mastication loads in the incisor region. This study was conducted under static load, room temperature (21.7°C), and dry condition, and full impacts of intraoral hydrothermal aging and dynamic loading conditions on the zirconia implants should be considered and studied further.

In vitro demineralization prevention by fluoride and silver nanoparticles when applied to sound enamel and enamel caries-like lesions of varying severities.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of fluoride and silver nanoparticles on the prevention of in vitro demineralization of sound enamel and enamel caries-like lesions of varying severities. METHODS: Caries-like lesions of different severities (1/6/15 days) were created in bovine enamel specimens. One group remained sound. All specimens were demineralized again using a partially saturated acetic acid solution. Mimicking the intra-oral retention of fluoride and silver in vitro, this solution was supplemented with fluoride (0/1/10 ppm) and/or silver nanoparticles (0/10 ppm) in a factorial design. Changes in lesion depth (ΔL) and integrated mineral loss (ΔΔZ) were evaluated by digital transverse microradiography. Data was analyzed using three-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Lesion severity significantly affected ΔΔZ and ΔL, after no treatment and after the treatment of fluoride and silver independently (p = 0.012 and p = 0.037, respectively). Fluoride and the fluoride × lesion severity interaction were shown to be significant (p < 0.001) on ΔΔZ and ΔL. Silver nanoparticles significantly affected ΔΔZ (p = 0.041), but not ΔL (p = 0.15). The silver nanoparticles × lesion severity interaction was significant for ΔΔZ and ΔL (p = 0.032 and p = 0.024, respectively). No interaction was observed for ΔΔZ and ΔL between fluoride and silver (p = 0.962 and p = 0.971, respectively) as well as lesion severity and the use of fluoride and silver combined (p = 0.722 and p = 0.158, respectively). CONCLUSION: Fluoride and silver nanoparticles had a significant effect on the prevention of in vitro demineralization of sound enamel and enamel caries-like lesions of varying severities. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Fluoride and silver nanoparticles may potentially allow for more tailored caries prevention.

An investigation into the potential anticaries benefits and contributions to mineral intake of bottled water.

BACKGROUND: Bottled water has become the most consumed beverage in the United States. The authors aimed to inform the dental profession about the potential anticaries benefits of some bottled waters and to provide information about their possible contributions to fluoride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium intakes. METHODS: The authors chose a convenience sample by purchasing all different bottled waters from the main supermarkets operating in Indianapolis, Indiana. The authors analyzed the fluoride content using a fluoride ion-specific electrode and metal concentrations using atomic absorption spectroscopy. They used dietary reference intakes to calculate hypothetical intakes of all minerals. RESULTS: The authors identified 92 different bottled waters. Fluoride concentrations were generally low (mean, 0.11 parts per million [ppm]; median, 0.04 ppm). Only 2 waters contained more than 0.7 ppm fluoride (0.95 ppm and 1.22 ppm). Metal concentrations varied considerably among waters. Calcium concentrations ranged from less than 0.1 through 360 ppm (mean, 26.9 ppm; median, 5.2 ppm), which were greater than those of magnesium (range, < 0.01-106 ppm; mean, 7.5 ppm; median, 1.9 ppm), sodium (range, < 0.01-109 ppm; mean, 11.1 ppm; median, 2.9 ppm), and potassium (range, < 0.01-43 ppm; mean, 3.6 ppm; median, 1.2 ppm). Overall, most bottled waters do not contribute to adequate intakes of fluoride, potassium, or sodium or to recommended dietary allowances for calcium and magnesium. Nonetheless, some waters can provide meaningful contributions to fluoride, calcium, and magnesium intake. CONCLUSIONS: The fluoride concentration in 90 of the 92 studied bottled waters is insufficient to contribute to caries prevention. Only a few bottled waters can be considered health-promoting. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Dental professionals should consider the mineral content of water consumed by their patients during caries risk assessment.

Impact of caffeine on metabolic activity and biofilm formation of Candida albicans on acrylic denture resin in the presence of nicotine.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Candida albicans has been implicated in denture stomatitis, and this effect is exacerbated by nicotine exposure. However, studies have also suggested that caffeine exposure inhibits the growth of C. albicans. The interaction effects of nicotine and caffeine are not yet clear on the growth of C. albicans. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of caffeine on metabolic activity and biofilm formation of C. albicans growing on acrylic denture resin while simultaneously exposed to nicotine and, if an effect were to be identified, whether this effect would vary depending on the caffeine concentration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 240 acrylic resin specimens were divided into 2 equal groups (120 each). Specimens in one group were processed to measure C. albicans metabolic activity, and those in the other group were processed to measure C. albicans biofilm attachment. Ten subgroups (n=12) were established within each group with different concentration combinations of nicotine and caffeine to test the interaction effect. The first subgroup was designed as a negative control, containing 0 mg/mL of nicotine and caffeine. The following subgroups all contained 8.00 mg/mL of nicotine, and the caffeine concentrations were prepared at the following 9 levels: 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 8.00, 16.00, and 32.00 mg/mL. Metabolic activity was measured by using a 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-carboxanilide (XTT) assay. Biofilm attachment was measured by using spiral plating and calculated in terms of the number of colony-forming units (CFUs)/mL. Descriptive statistics and a 2-way ANOVA were conducted to determine whether the concentrations of nicotine and caffeine used affected the biofilm attachment and metabolic activity of C. albicans (α=.05). RESULTS: The presence of 8 mg/mL of nicotine increased the metabolic activity and biofilm formation of C. albicans. When compared with the 0 mg/mL of caffeine and 8.00 mg/mL of nicotine group, caffeine from 1.00 to 4.00 mg/mL significantly increased C. albicans biofilm metabolic activity. Caffeine at 16.00 and 32.00 mg/mL significantly decreased C. albicans biofilm metabolic activity in the presence of 8 mg/mL of nicotine. Caffeine from 1.00 to 32.00 mg/mL significantly decreased the biofilm formation of C. albicans in the presence of 8 mg/mL of nicotine. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of 8 mg/mL of nicotine alone increased the metabolic activity and biofilm formation of C. albicans. In the presence of 8 mg/mL of nicotine with different caffeine concentrations, the results suggest that, overall, caffeine at higher concentrations (16 and 32 mg/mL) inhibited the metabolic activity and biofilm formation of C. albicans on acrylic denture resin most.

The Impact of Nicotine and Cigarette Smoke Condensate on Metabolic Activity and Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans on Acrylic Denture Material.

PURPOSE: Smokers have increased denture stomatitis caused primarily by Candida albicans. The primary aim of this study was to demonstrate the impact of a wide range of nicotine and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) concentrations on biofilm formation and metabolic activity of C. albicans on acrylic denture material. MATERIALS AND METHODS: C. albicans (ATCC strain 10231) was used. Standardized denture acrylic (PMMA) specimens (total of 135 specimens) were incubated with C. albicans and exposed to nicotine and CSC at different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg/ml) and (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/ml), respectively. For each experiment, 3 samples per nicotine and CSC concentration and a total of 45 specimens (27 specimens for the nicotine and 18 specimens for the CSC-treated samples) were used and were selected randomly for each group. The control group consisted of 0 mg/ml of nicotine or CSC. The viability of C. albicans was measured using spiral plating on blood agar plates. The effect of nicotine and CSC concentrations on planktonic cells was were measured using a microplate reader. Metabolic activity of 24-hour-old established C. albicans biofilm exposed to nicotine and CSC for 24 hours in microtiter plates was determined using a 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-carboxanilide (XTT) reduction assay. RESULTS: The viability of C. albicans increased concomitant with increasing concentrations of CSC and nicotine, particularly at 0.5 and 2 mg/ml, respectively. Concentrations of CSC and nicotine above this resulted in an inhibitory effect on C. albicans viability. CSC and nicotine at 4 and 16 mg/ml, respectively, increased C. albicans biofilm metabolic activity. CONCLUSION: Nicotine and CSC up to certain concentrations caused increases in biofilm formation, metabolic activity, viability, and planktonic cell absorbance of C. albicans. This in vitro study demonstrates the effectiveness of tobacco on promoting the growth of C. albicans and suggests their potential contributing factor in C. albicans biofilm related infections in smokers.

The effect of theobromine on the in vitro de- and remineralization of enamel carious lesions.

OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study investigated the effect of theobromine on the de- and remineralization of enamel carious lesions under plaque fluid-like conditions. METHODS: Early carious lesions were created in 272 bovine enamel specimens and assigned to sixteen groups (n=17) based on Knoop surface microhardness (SMH). Lesions were demineralized again under plaque fluid-like conditions in the presence of fluoride (0.2 or 1ppm) and theobromine (0; 10; 100 or 200ppm) at different pH values (5.5 or 7.0) in a factorial design. SMH was determined again and percent SMH recovery (%SMHr) calculated. Three-way ANOVA was used for the fixed effects of fluoride, theobromine and pH levels to compare the differences between each level. RESULTS: The three-way interaction was not significant (p=0.712). The two-way interaction between fluoride and pH was significant (p=0.030), whereas those between fluoride and theobromine as well as that for pH and theobromine were not (p=0.478 and p=0.998, respectively). Theobromine did not affect %SMHr at any of the tested concentrations. There were trends for the higher fluoride concentration and the higher pH resulting in more rehardening with the lesions exposed to 0.2ppm fluoride at pH 5.5 displaying significantly less rehardening than those exposed to 0.2ppm fluoride at pH of 7.0 and lesions exposed to 1ppm fluoride at pH of 5.5. CONCLUSION: Theobromine, when continuously present in a plaque fluid-like medium at various concentrations and at different pH values, does not affect de- or remineralization of enamel carious lesions under the presently studied conditions. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Based on the presently available evidence, theobromine cannot be recommended as an anticaries agent.

The ability of dual whitening anti-caries mouthrinses to remove extrinsic staining and enhance caries lesion remineralization - An in vitro study.

OBJECTIVES: This laboratory study investigated the ability of dual whitening anti-caries mouthrinses to remove extrinsic staining from artificially stained caries lesions and to enhance their remineralization and fluoridation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Early caries lesions were created in bovine enamel specimens. The lesions were artificially stained and pH cycled for 10 days with the daily cycling regimen consisting of twice daily 60s-treatments with one of 11 mouthrinses, a 4-h demineralization period and artificial saliva treatments in between. Mouthrinses were eight commercially available products, all containing 100ppm fluoride but utilizing hydrogen peroxide, pyro-, tri- or hexametaphosphate salts and/or sodium bicarbonate. The three control mouthrinses were 100ppm fluoride, 30 % hydrogen peroxide and deionized water. Enamel color changes (ΔE) were determined spectrophotometrically. Vickers surface microhardness (VHN) was used to determine lesion remineralization. Enamel fluoride content (EFC) was determined using the microbiopsy technique. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. RESULTS: ΔE was significantly different among groups (p=0.0045). Thirty percent hydrogen peroxide was superior to all other mouthrinses, while there were no differences between commercial mouthrinses and deionized water. There were small, directional but non-significant differences between commercial mouthrinses with those containing hydrogen peroxide providing better whitening. There were no significant differences between mouthrinses in their ability to remineralize caries lesions (p=0.2898). EFC differed among groups (p<0.0001), with the two mouthrinses containing pyrophosphate salts having lower EFC than all but the deionized water group. CONCLUSIONS: Artificially stained caries lesions show reduced susceptibility to fluoride remineralization and whitening effects of commercial whitening and anti-caries mouthrinses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Artificially stained caries lesions appear to require stronger than over-the-counter interventions to successfully whiten and remineralizing them.

Effects of PVP-Iodine pH and Calcium Concentration on Fluoride Varnish Anti-Caries Efficacy In Vitro.

PURPOSE: This laboratory study investigated the effects of PVP-iodine solutions with varying pH and calcium concentrations on enamel remineralization and fluoridation by subsequent treatment with fluoride varnish. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Caries-like lesions were created in bovine enamel specimens (n = 15 per group) and characterized using Vickers surface microhardness (VHN). Specimens were treated with 10% PVP-iodine solutions varying in calcium concentration (0/10/100 mM) and pH (3.0/4.0/5.0), followed by 5% sodium fluoride varnish. A fluoride varnish-only control group was included. Specimens were then placed into artificial saliva for 16 h. The varnish was removed, hardness measured and enamel fluoride uptake (EFU) determined using the microbiopsy technique. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Groups receiving PVP-iodine pre-treatments exhibited directionally greater rehardening (range: p = 0.0001 - 0.7008) and EFU (p = 0.0001-0.2670) than the control group. The presence of calcium in the pre-treatment enhanced rehardening. the groups '10mM Ca/pH 3.0' (∆VHN = 10.5 ± 6.3), '100mM Ca/pH 3.0' (∆VHN = 9.7 ± 4.1) and '10mM Ca/pH 5.0' (∆VHN = 8.7 ± 7.0) displayed the highest numerical gain vs the control (∆VHN=3.6±2.2). Different pH values had a minor effect on rehardening and EFU. The calcium effect was more pronounced for EFU than for rehardening with all three '100 mM Ca' groups exhibiting higher EFU (7.0 - 7.2 µg F/cm2) than all other groups (6.1 - 6.9 µg F/cm2). CONCLUSION: PVP-iodine pre-treatments can be modified to enhance the rehardening and fluoridating effect of fluoride varnishes, thereby potentially improving their ability to prevent caries in vivo. Although numerical differences between groups were small, the addition of high concentrations of calcium paired with a low pH appears most favorable under the present conditions.

Fatigue Failure Load of Lithium Disilicate Restorations Cemented on a Chairside Titanium-Base.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the fatigue failure load of distinct lithium disilicate restoration designs cemented on a chairside titanium base for maxillary anterior implant-supported restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A left-maxillary incisor restoration was virtually designed and sorted into 3 groups: (n = 10/group; CTD: lithium disilicate crowns cemented on custom-milled titanium abutments; VMLD: monolithic full-contour lithium disilicate crowns cemented on a chairside titanium-base; VCLD: lithium disilicate crowns bonded to lithium disilicate customized anatomic structures and then cemented onto a chairside titanium base). The chairside titanium base was air-abraded with aluminum oxide particles. Subsequently, the titanium base was steam-cleaned and air-dried. Then a thin coat of a silane agent was applied. The intaglio surface of the ceramic components was treated with 5% hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching gel, followed by silanization, and bonded with a resin cement. The specimens were fatigued at 20 Hz, starting with a 100 N load (5000× load pulses), followed by stepwise loading from 400 N up to 1400 N (200 N increments) at a maximum of 30,000 cycles each. The failure loads, number of cycles, and fracture analysis were recorded. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by pairwise comparisons (p < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival plots and Weibull survival analyses were reported. RESULTS: For catastrophic fatigue failure load and the total number of cycles for failure, VMLD (1260 N, 175,231 cycles) was significantly higher than VCLD (1080 N, 139,965 cycles) and CDT (1000 N, 133,185 cycles). VMLD had a higher Weibull modulus demonstrating greater structural reliability. CONCLUSION: VMLD had the best fatigue failure resistance when compared with the other two groups.

The Effects of Fluoride Treatment Time and Concentration on In Vitro Caries Lesion Demineralisation and Remineralisation.

PURPOSE: To investigate the possible interaction between fluoride treatment time and concentration on enamel caries lesion de-/remineralisation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study design followed a three (fluoride concentration: 0, 275, 1250 ppm as sodium fluoride) x four (treatment time: 10, 30, 60, 120 s) factorial design. Caries lesions were created in bovine enamel and the extent of demineralisation determined using Vickers surface microhardness (VHN). Lesions were pH cycled (18 days) with the daily schedule consisting of two fluoride treatments, a 4-h demineralisation period and exposure to artificial saliva at all other times. VHN was determined again after pH cycling and changes to baseline values calculated (∆VHN). Enamel fluoride uptake (EFU) was determined using the microbiopsy technique. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The concentration x treatment time interaction was significant for ∆VHN (p < 0.0001) and EFU (p = 0.0298). Dose-response relationships were observed for both variables for fluoride concentration and treatment time. ∆VHN: higher fluoride concentration compensated for shorter treatment time (e.g. ∆VHN [mean ± SD] = 85.5 ± 60.6 for 30 s with 1250 ppm fluoride vs ∆VHN = 84.3 ± 26.9 for 120s with 275 ppm fluoride). EFU data were similar but highlighted a greater ability to discern between fluoride concentrations (e.g. EFU = 4364 ± 1166 ppm vs 8538 ± 9531 ppm; above examples). Although ∆VHN and EFU correlated well (r = 0.723; p < 0.001), lesion demonstrated a greater ability to acquire fluoride than to remineralise. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioural aspects relating to caries can be studied in vitro, although model limitations must be considered. Adequate exposure times to cariostatic concentrations of fluoride are important in maximising caries prevention.

Caries lesion remineralization with fluoride toothpastes and chlorhexidine - effects of application timing and toothpaste surfactant.

INTRODUCTION: Habitual toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpaste followed by rinsing with antibacterial mouthwashes is a method to maintain good oral hygiene and to diminish the occurrence and severity of dental caries and periodontal disease. However, our understanding of how antimicrobial agents in mouthwashes affect fluoride-mediated caries lesion remineralization is still poor. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this in vitro study were a) to determine the effects of the waiting period of chlorhexidine (CHX) rinsing after fluoride toothpaste use and b) to further determine the effect of the type of toothpaste surfactant [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB)] on caries lesion remineralization associated with CHX rinsing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Caries lesions were formed in bovine enamel specimens and assigned to 10 treatment groups (n=18) based on Vickers surface microhardness (VHN). Lesions were then pH-cycled for 10 days with daily regimen comprised of twice daily toothpaste slurry treatments (1150 ppm fluoride, with SDS or CAPB), followed by CHX solution treatments [0, 15, 30 or 60 minutes following slurry treatment or no CHX treatment (negative control)]. VHN was measured again and the extent of lesion remineralization calculated (∆VHN). RESULTS: ∆VHN with SDS-toothpaste was significantly lower than with CAPB-toothpaste, indicating more remineralization for the CAPB-toothpaste. ∆VHN with 0-minute waiting time was significantly lower than with 30-minute waiting time and with negative control. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of CHX as an adjunct to fluoride toothpastes led to greater remineralization of enamel lesions compared with the immediate use of CHX treatment for both SDS- and CAPB-toothpastes. CAPB-toothpastes indicated significantly greater remineralization than SDS-toothpastes, and can be suggested for patients at high risk of caries. A 30-minute waiting time for CHX treatment is recommended after brushing.

Prosthodontic Rehabilitation for a Patient with Down Syndrome: A Clinical Report.

Patients with Down syndrome can present with a variety of oral manifestations such as hypodontia, periodontal disease, premature tooth loss, reduced salivary flow, crowding of teeth in both arches, and decreased occlusal vertical dimension. The intellectual ability of people with Down syndrome varies widely. They present with a mild-to-moderate intellectual disability that restricts their ability to communicate and adjust to their environment, which can add complexity in the overall dental treatment. There is little information in the literature regarding the prosthodontic rehabilitation for patients with Down syndrome in combination with dental implant placement. An implant-assisted removable partial dental prosthesis can be a cost-effective treatment alternative for carefully chosen patients with Down syndrome. This article presents the treatment of a 44-year-old male patient with Down syndrome and a moderate intellectual disability who presented with congenital and acquired tooth loss with significant occlusal discrepancies. The treatment included a prosthodontic approach that used a single dental implant, which will be described and illustrated in this article.

Prosthodontic rehabilitation with monolithic, multichromatic, CAD-CAM complete overdentures in an adolescent patient with ectodermal dysplasia: A clinical report.

Ectodermal dysplasia is a rare, hereditary, congenital disease that affects the normal development of certain tissues and structures of ectodermal origin. The disease is manifested to different degrees of severity and may involve the nose, eyes, hair, nails, sweat glands, and enamel. This report describes a 14-year-old boy with ectodermal dysplasia, rehabilitated with monolithic, multichromatic maxillary and mandibular computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) acrylic resin complete overdentures.

Caries lesion remineralization with fluoride toothpastes and chlorhexidine - effects of application timing and toothpaste surfactant

Abstract Habitual toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpaste followed by rinsing with antibacterial mouthwashes is a method to maintain good oral hygiene and to diminish the occurrence and severity of dental caries and periodontal disease. However, our understanding of how antimicrobial agents in mouthwashes affect fluoride-mediated caries lesion remineralization is still poor. Objective: The objectives of this in vitro study were a) to determine the effects of the waiting period of chlorhexidine (CHX) rinsing after fluoride toothpaste use and b) to further determine the effect of the type of toothpaste surfactant [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB)] on caries lesion remineralization associated with CHX rinsing. Material and Methods: Caries lesions were formed in bovine enamel specimens and assigned to 10 treatment groups (n=18) based on Vickers surface microhardness (VHN). Lesions were then pH-cycled for 10 days with daily regimen comprised of twice daily toothpaste slurry treatments (1150 ppm fluoride, with SDS or CAPB), followed by CHX solution treatments [0, 15, 30 or 60 minutes following slurry treatment or no CHX treatment (negative control)]. VHN was measured again and the extent of lesion remineralization calculated (∆VHN). Results: ∆VHN with SDS-toothpaste was significantly lower than with CAPB-toothpaste, indicating more remineralization for the CAPB-toothpaste. ∆VHN with 0-minute waiting time was significantly lower than with 30-minute waiting time and with negative control. Conclusions: The absence of CHX as an adjunct to fluoride toothpastes led to greater remineralization of enamel lesions compared with the immediate use of CHX treatment for both SDS- and CAPB-toothpastes. CAPB-toothpastes indicated significantly greater remineralization than SDS-toothpastes, and can be suggested for patients at high risk of caries. A 30-minute waiting time for CHX treatment is recommended after brushing.